The Easiest Country to Get Permanent Residency in Europe Without Investment

If you’re looking for the fastest and easiest way to get permanent residency in Europe without investing large sums of money, Portugal is your best option in 2025.

Thanks to its low income requirements, flexible D7 visa, and a clear path to citizenship after five years, Portugal consistently ranks as the most accessible European country for non-EU citizens, especially retirees, remote workers, and U.S. citizens seeking long-term relocation options.

But Portugal isn’t your only path.

Countries like Spain, Greece, Italy, Estonia, Malta, and Latvia also offer non-investment-based residency routes, including digital nomad visas, passive income visas, and family reunification programs. These options allow you to live legally in the EU, access healthcare and education, and eventually apply for permanent residency or citizenship, often without having to purchase property or inject capital into the local economy.

This guide compares the easiest European countries to immigrate to without investment, based on real-world criteria:

  • Minimum income or financial requirements

  • Required time in-country before PR or citizenship

  • Ease of visa application

  • Tax and lifestyle benefits

  • Accessibility for Americans and non-EU nationals

Whether you want to retire affordably in Southern Europe, work remotely from a Schengen country, or secure a second home base in the EU, this article helps you choose the best path — and the right country — for your goals.

Let’s start with Portugal, the #1 easiest country in Europe to get permanent residency without investment.

What Is a Residency Permit and How Does It Lead to Citizenship?

A residency permit (or visa) allows non-citizens to legally live in a European country for a set period. There are two main types: temporary and permanent residency. Temporary permits are often the first step toward long-term settlement, while permanent residency offers indefinite stay without frequent renewals. Although a residence permit provides access to services and work rights, it doesn’t automatically lead to citizenship, which typically requires a longer stay, language skills, and integration into society.

  • Permanent residency grants an indefinite stay and fewer bureaucratic hurdles.
  • Citizenship typically requires 5–10 years of legal stay, language proficiency, and civic integration.
  • Choosing the right visa from the beginning is crucial for minimizing stay requirements and expediting naturalization.

🇵🇹 Portugal: The Easiest Country to Get Permanent Residency in Europe Without Investment

Portugal is widely considered the easiest European country to obtain permanent residency without making a financial investment. It’s D7 visa program offers a flexible, affordable, and legal pathway for non-EU citizens—including Americans, retirees, freelancers, and remote workers.

D7 Visa: Passive Income Residency Route

Who It’s For:

  • Retirees

  • Remote workers and digital nomads

  • Freelancers

  • Financially independent individuals

Minimum Requirements (as of 2025):

  • Proof of passive income (e.g., pension, rental income, remote work): €820+ per month

  • Accommodation in Portugal (rental agreement or property ownership)

  • Health insurance valid in Portugal

  • Clean criminal record

Residency Timeline & Stay Obligations

Stage Duration Requirements
Temporary Residency 2 years Renewable for 3 more years
Permanent Residency After 5 years Maintain legal stay, fulfill visa renewal criteria
Citizenship Eligibility After 5 years A2-level Portuguese language + civic integration

Minimum Stay Requirement: Only 7 days per year or 14 days every two years—the most lenient in Europe.

Key Benefits of Portugal’s D7 Visa

  • Visa-free travel across the Schengen Zone

  • Access to Portugal’s public healthcare

  • Low cost of living (rent, food, healthcare)

  • Clear path to EU citizenship in just 5 years

  • Tax breaks under the Non-Habitual Residency (NHR) program

Portugal offers the easiest path to permanent residency in Europe without investment. With minimal income requirements and flexible stay rules, its D7 visa allows legal EU residency, healthcare access, and eventual citizenship after just five years.

Read More About Which Country Gives Free Citizenship in Europe?

Portugal’s Digital Nomad Visa: A Residency Route for Remote Workers

The Easiest Country to Get Permanent Residency in Europe Without Investment

Launched in 2022, Portugal’s Digital Nomad Visa is designed for non-EU citizens who work remotely for clients or companies outside Portugal. It provides a legal, investment-free pathway to long-term EU residency.

Key Requirements For 2025:

  • Monthly income of at least €3,040 (4× the national minimum wage)

  • Proof of employment contract or long-term freelance clients

  • Accommodation in Portugal (rental or owned)

  • Valid health insurance

  • Clean criminal record

Who It’s For:

  • Digital nomads working for foreign companies

  • Freelancers with international clients

  • Entrepreneurs operating remotely from Portugal

Residency Timeline

Stage Duration Requirements
Temporary Residency 1 year (renewable up to 5) Maintain income, health insurance, housing
Permanent Residency After 5 years Meet stay requirements, clean record, integration
Citizenship Eligibility After 5 years A2 Portuguese + civic integration

Key Benefits:

  • ✔ Live legally in Portugal while working remotely

  • ✔ Visa-free travel in the Schengen Area

  • ✔ Pathway to PR and EU citizenship after 5 years

  • ✔ Family members can be included

  • ✔ No requirement to invest in property or local business

Pros and Cons

✅ Pros ⚠️ Cons
Legal remote work for foreign income Higher income threshold than D7 Visa
Renewable permit with long-term stay options Must prove consistent income and accommodation
Fast application process (compared to other EU states) Citizenship requires language test (A2 Portuguese)
Great for freelancers, tech professionals, and digital nomads Not ideal for retirees or passive earners (D7 is better)

Portugal’s Digital Nomad Visa offers legal EU residency to remote workers without requiring investment. With a monthly income of €3,040, non-EU citizens can live in Portugal, enjoy Schengen access, and apply for permanent residency or citizenship in 5 years.

15 Easiest Countries to Get Permanent Residency in Europe Without Investment

Not every path to EU residency requires investment in real estate or government bonds. Countries like Spain, Greece, Malta, Latvia, Estonia, and Italy offer accessible visa routes for retirees, remote workers, and financially independent individuals. These programs allow you to live legally in Europe, access public services, and eventually gain citizenship—without large financial commitments. Below, we break down the key options for each country.

🇪🇸 Spain: Residency Without Investment for Retirees & Remote Workers

Key Visa Options

  • Non-Lucrative Visa (NLV) for passive income earners

  • Digital Nomad Visa for remote workers with foreign income

Requirements

  • NLV: €28,800 annual income + €7,200 per dependent

  • Digital Nomad Visa: €2,520/month income + remote contract

  • Private health insurance

  • Clean criminal record

Timeline

Stage Duration Notes
Temporary Residency 1–5 years Requires 183+ days/year residence
Permanent Residency After 5 years Continuous stay, integration
Citizenship After 10 years (or 2 for Latin Americans) Language + civic tests

Pros and Cons

✅ Pros ⚠️ Cons
Legal remote work & strong expat communities NLV restricts employment inside Spain
High-quality healthcare and education High physical presence required (183+ days)
Tax incentives under Beckham Law (nomad only) Bureaucracy can delay approvals

Spain offers accessible visas for retirees and remote workers—perfect for those seeking long-term EU residency without the need to invest.

🇬🇷 Greece: Easy Residency Routes for U.S. Citizens and Retirees

Key Visa Options

  • Digital Nomad Visa

  • Financially Independent Person (FIP) Visa

Requirements

  • Nomad: €3,500/month income + remote contract

  • FIP: €2,000/month passive income + €400–€300 per dependent

  • Accommodation in Greece

  • Health insurance + clean record

Timeline

Stage Duration Notes
Temporary Residency 1–5 years 183+ days/year stay needed
Permanent Residency After 5 years Language test + integration
Citizenship After 7 years B2-level Greek required

Pros and Cons

✅ Pros ⚠️ Cons
Low cost of living and scenic lifestyle Language requirement for citizenship (B2)
Flat 7% tax for pensioners Bureaucracy can be slow
Welcoming to Americans and remote workers Must prove housing and income upfront

Greece is ideal for U.S. retirees and digital nomads, offering flexible residency programs and a Mediterranean lifestyle at low cost.

🇲🇹 Malta: Lifetime Residency Without Work or Business

Key Visa Option

  • Malta Permanent Residency Programme (MPRP)

Requirements (Post-2025)

  • Capital assets: €500,000 (incl. €150,000 in financial assets)

  • Property lease: €14,000/year (or €10,000 in Gozo) or purchase at €375,000

  • Government contribution: €30,000–€60,000

  • Admin fees + €10,000 per dependent

  • Health insurance + clean record

Timeline

Stage Duration Notes
Permanent Residency Immediate (if qualified) Lifetime PR granted on approval
Citizenship 7+ years (residency route) or 12–36 months (investment) Naturalization or fast-track MEIN option

Pros and Cons

✅ Pros ⚠️ Cons
English-speaking & stable legal system PR requires significant assets
Fast-track citizenship for investors The citizenship route for non-investors is long
High-quality healthcare & multi-generational family inclusion Urban costs can be high

Malta offers immediate permanent residency and fast-track citizenship—but best suited for those with capital, not remote workers.

🇱🇻 Latvia: Business or Passive Income Residency for Budget-Conscious Expats

Key Visa Options

  • Business-Based Temporary Residency

  • Passive Income Route (unofficial retirement option)

Requirements

  • Register a company or show consistent passive income

  • Business turnover: €21,000+ annually (suggested)

  • Accommodation + health insurance

  • Clean record

Timeline

Stage Duration Notes
Temporary Residency 1–5 years Renewable annually
Permanent Residency After 5 years Integration + stay proof
Citizenship After 10 years Language exam + loyalty oath

Pros and Cons

✅ Pros ⚠️ Cons
Low-income threshold for entry Strict Latvian language test for citizenship
Affordable cost of living Small expat communities, cold winters
Flexible renewal (4–6 months/year) Business option needs basic activity

Latvia is an underrated EU entry point for entrepreneurs and retirees who meet modest financial and legal criteria.

🇪🇪 Estonia: Residency for High-Income Remote Workers

Key Visa Option

  • Digital Nomad Visa

Requirements

  • Remote work history

  • €4,500/month gross income (last 6 months)

  • Health insurance

  • Valid passport

Timeline

Stage Duration Notes
Digital Nomad Visa 1 year Renewable; doesn’t lead directly to PR
Temporary Residency After transition via work/family Leads to PR after 5 years in valid category
Citizenship After 8 years B1 Estonian, civics exam, loyalty declaration

Pros and Cons

✅ Pros ⚠️ Cons
Fast, transparent application High income threshold (€4,500/month)
Great for tech/startup professionals Cold climate, short winter daylight
Strong e-governance & efficient bureaucracy PR requires transition to long-term category

Estonia is a top pick for remote professionals with high earnings, offering seamless e-government and digital convenience.

🇮🇹 Italy: Residency for Passive Earners With Cultural Perks

Key Visa Option

  • Elective Residency Visa (ERV)

Requirements

  • Passive income: €31,000/year (single), higher for couples

  • No employment is allowed in Italy

  • Rental or owned property

  • Health insurance + clean criminal record

Timeline

Stage Duration Notes
Temporary Residency 1–5 years Renewable yearly
Permanent Residency After 5 years Proof of residence and integration
Citizenship After 10 years B1 Italian, civic knowledge, loyalty oath

Pros and Cons

✅ Pros ⚠️ Cons
No investment required Cannot work in Italy under this visa
Access to public healthcare after PR Bureaucratic delays common
Great for lifestyle seekers & retirees Must prove stable passive income

Italy is ideal for retirees or passive earners who value culture, cuisine, and scenic living—without the need to work or invest.

Other 8 Easiest Countries to Get a Residency Permit in Europe

These lesser-known yet accessible European residency options are perfect for freelancers, remote workers, and individuals seeking second residency or a low-cost pathway to permanent residency and citizenship.

🇫🇷 France – Long-Stay Visitor Visa (VLS-TS)

  • No investment needed – just proof of stable passive income (~€1,400/month)

  • Ideal for retirees or remote workers not planning to work in France

  • Permanent residency after 5 years; citizenship in as little as 5 years

  • Employment is not allowed under this visa

🇩🇪 Germany – Freelancer/Artist Visa

  • Popular for creative professionals and digital freelancers

  • Income requirement: ~€2,500/month (depends on region)

  • Self-employment allowed; must register a business or freelance license

  • PR in 5 years; German citizenship after 8 years (with language integration)

🇨🇿 Czechia – Zivno Visa (Freelancer Visa)

  • Tailored for remote workers, writers, and IT professionals

  • Proof of sufficient funds + business license required (~€2,000+/month)

  • Renewable yearly visa that leads to a permanent residence permit

  • Citizenship after 10 years (language + integration required)

🇭🇷 Croatia – Digital Nomad Visa

  • One of the newest and fastest routes to live in the EU short term

  • Income requirement: €2,539/month

  • Perfect for remote workers — no local employment allowed

  • Does not directly lead to PR, but good for a temporary second residency

🇸🇮 Slovenia – Self-Employment Visa

  • Accessible for entrepreneurs and small business owners

  • Must register a company and show business activity

  • Permanent residency in 5 years; citizenship after 10 years

  • Moderate income requirement; affordable cost of living

🇵🇱 Poland – Temporary Stay Permit

  • Great for non-EU nationals with modest means (~€1,200/month)

  • Suitable for remote work or employment with a local contract

  • 5 years to PR, 10 years to European citizenship

  • Bureaucratic but budget-friendly pathway to EU residence

🇸🇰 Slovakia – Trade License Visa

  • A freelancer-friendly visa for digital workers and consultants

  • Requires trade license + modest income proof (~€1,000–€1,500/month)

  • Stay for 5 years to qualify for a permanent residence permit

  • Citizenship in 8–10 years with a language test

🇭🇺 Hungary – White Card (Digital Nomad Visa)

  • Designed for non-EU remote workers and digital nomads

  • Income requirement: €2,000/month (from foreign source)

  • Valid for 1 year, extendable once; total stay up to 2 years

  • Does not lead directly to PR, but offers a legal foothold in the EU

  • No local work allowed; must maintain foreign employment

Choosing the right country for EU residency without investment depends on your lifestyle, income source, and long-term goals. This table compares the most accessible options in Europe based on income thresholds, stay requirements, work restrictions, and naturalization timelines, helping you make a well-informed decision.

Country Min. Monthly Income Min. Stay Requirement Can You Work? PR Timeline Citizenship Timeline Language Requirement
🇵🇹 Portugal €820+ (D7 Visa) 7 days/year Yes (remote only) 5 years 5 years A2 Portuguese
🇪🇸 Spain €2,400+ (NLV/DN) 183+ days/year No (NLV) / Yes (DN) 5 years 10 years (2 for LATAM) A2 Spanish + Culture
🇬🇷 Greece €2,000–€3,500 183+ days/year Yes (nomad visa) 5 years 7 years B2 Greek
🇮🇹 Italy €2,600+ (ERV) 183+ days/year No 5 years 10 years B1 Italian
🇲🇹 Malta €500K capital assets Flexible No (MPRP) Immediate 7+ years (or 12–36 months via investment) English or Maltese
🇱🇻 Latvia ~€1,200+ 4–6 months/year Yes (business route) 5 years 10 years A2–B1 Latvian
🇪🇪 Estonia €4,500 None (nomad visa) Yes (remote work) 5 years (via work/family path) 8 years B1 Estonian
🇫🇷 France ~€1,400 6+ months/year No 5 years 5 years B1 French
🇩🇪 Germany ~€2,500 6+ months/year Yes (freelance) 5 years 8 years B1 German
🇨🇿 Czechia ~€2,000+ 6+ months/year Yes (freelance) 5 years 10 years B1 Czech
🇭🇷 Croatia €2,539 Varies (nomad visa) No Not applicable Not direct path None required
🇸🇮 Slovenia Moderate business income 6+ months/year Yes 5 years 10 years B1 Slovene
🇵🇱 Poland ~€1,200 183+ days/year Yes (remote or local work) 5 years 10 years B1 Polish
🇸🇰 Slovakia ~€1,000–€1,500 183+ days/year Yes (trade license) 5 years 8–10 years B1 Slovak
🇭🇺 Hungary €2,000 Up to 2 years total (White Card) No Not applicable Not direct path None required
  • Portugal is the most flexible and beginner-friendly for remote workers or retirees

  • Spain and Greece offer structured paths for those willing to reside for more than 6 months/year

  • Italy is ideal for lifestyle-focused expats with passive income

  • Malta works well for high-net-worth individuals who want PR upfront

  • Estonia and Latvia are suited to digital professionals or entrepreneurs

Tip: Aim for countries with low stay requirements and a short path to PR if you want flexibility + citizenship access.

What Makes Getting European Residency Easier?

Several European countries offer accessible residency pathways—no big investment or relocation needed. Here’s what helps simplify the process:

  • ✅ No Job or Study Required: Many EU countries (like Portugal or Italy) offer residency to passive income earners without needing to work or enroll in school.

  • ✅ No Full-Time Relocation Needed: Programs like the Portuguese D7 or Italy’s Golden Visa allow you to maintain your lifestyle abroad while securing EU residency.

  • ✅ Budget-Friendly Options: From digital nomad visas to retirement permits, several countries offer low-cost alternatives to golden visa schemes.

  • ✅ Streamlined Applications: European countries increasingly offer online applications and professional support to guide expats through the process.

How to Get Permanent Residency (PR) in Europe Without Investment: A Step-by-Step Guide

Relocating to Europe without a large capital investment is completely possible—if you choose the right visa route and follow a legal, step-by-step process. Whether you’re a retiree, remote worker, or passive income earner, here’s how to secure EU residency without spending on real estate or government bonds.

Step 1: Choose the Right Visa Type

Visa Type Best For
D7 (Portugal) Retirees, passive income, remote workers
Digital Nomad Visa (Portugal) Remote workers earning foreign income
Non-Lucrative Visa (Spain) Retirees or non-working individuals
Elective Residency (Italy) Passive income earners
FIP Visa (Greece) Retirees and financially independent people

Tip: Consider physical stay rules, income thresholds, and whether you want eventual citizenship.

Step 2: Gather Required Documents

Most applications require:

  • Valid passport (6–12 months before expiry)

  • Proof of income (bank statements, pension letters, remote contracts)

  • Rental contract or property deed

  • Health insurance valid in the destination country

  • Criminal background check

  • Application forms (varies by country)

📎 Tip: Certified translations may be required—often into the local language.

Step 3: Submit Visa Application at a Consulate

  • Apply via the consulate/embassy in your home country

  • Some countries allow partial online applications

  • Expect wait times of 2–8 weeks

  • You may be asked to attend an in-person interview

💰 Fees range from €60 to €350+, depending on the country and visa type.

Step 4: Finalize Residency in Europe

Once you arrive:

  • Register your address

  • Submit biometrics

  • Finalize your residence permit locally

  • Permit cards are typically issued in 1–2 months

Step 5: Maintain Residency Requirements

To keep your residency valid:

  • Meet annual stay minimums (e.g., 183 days in Spain, 7 days in Portugal)

  • Renew your permit on time (every 1–2 years)

  • Continue meeting income/health insurance requirements

  • Update authorities on address or marital status changes

 Legal PR lets you live, work, and access public services in the EU. Citizenship grants full EU freedom, voting rights, and a second passport.

Step 6: Apply for Permanent Residency or Citizenship

Country PR After Citizenship After Language Required
Portugal 5 years 5 years A2
Greece 5 years 7 years B2
Spain 5 years 10 years (2 LATAM) A2 + cultural test
Italy 5 years 10 years B1
Estonia 5 years 8 years B1

You can move to Europe without investment by applying for a passive income or remote worker visa. Countries like Portugal, Greece, and Spain offer legal paths to permanent residency and citizenship without needing to buy property.

Which Country Gives the Fastest Permanent Residency in Europe?

If speed is your priority, Cyprus currently offers the fastest route to permanent residency in Europe, granting PR in as little as two months through its real estate investment program. Other quick options include Greece and Malta, where residency can be secured within 3 to 4 months via golden visa or permanent residency programs. These fast-track options are ideal for investors looking for a quick legal foothold in the EU with minimal relocation requirements.

🇨🇾 Cyprus Golden Visa (Investment Route)

  • Fastest in Europe: Residency within ~2 months by investing €300,000 in real estate.

  • Typically leads to long-term residence, with citizenship eligibility after 7 years (with conditions).

🇬🇷 Greece Golden Visa

  • Greece Residency by Investment requires €250,000 real estate investment.

  • Processing time is among the quickest: approx. 3 months.

  • Offers renewable residency and Schengen travel, leading to citizenship after 7 years of continuous residence.

🇲🇹 Malta Permanent Residency Programme (MPRP)

  • Combines donation and property rental/purchase.

  • Timeline: 3–4 months to acquire permanent residency.

  • Residency is granted upfront, with no minimum physical stay requirement; citizenship via naturalization after 7+ years.

Honorable Mention: Hungary (EU Blue Card)

While not as fast as investment visas, holders of an EU Blue Card and 2 years of legal residence can apply for PR more quickly, sooner than the typical 5-year routes

Country Method Investment Required Time to PR
Cyprus Golden Visa €300,000 ~2 months
Greece Golden Visa €250,000 ~3 months
Malta MPRP Donation + property 3–4 months
Hungary EU Blue Card Work permit route ~2 years to PR

Easiest European Countries for Americans to Move To (With Future Citizenship in Mind)

Many Americans choose countries with dual citizenship options and a clear naturalization path. Below are the most accessible EU countries for long-term relocation that also offer a path to citizenship, without giving up your U.S. passport. Top countries Americans should consider:

  • 🇵🇹 Portugal

    • 5 years to citizenship

    • Low stay requirement (7 days/year for D7)

    • Allows dual citizenship

    • A2-level Portuguese required

  • 🇮🇹 Italy

    • 10 years to citizenship via residency

    • OR instant eligibility if you have Italian ancestry

    • Dual citizenship allowed

    • B1-level Italian required

  • 🇬🇷 Greece

    • 7 years to citizenship

    • Ideal for retirees and digital nomads

    • B2 Greek required; dual citizenship permitted

  • 🇲🇹 Malta

    • 7 years via residency or 12–36 months with investment

    • English-speaking, allowing dual citizenship

    • Popular among high-net-worth individuals

  • 🇪🇸 Spain

    • 10 years of residency requirement

    • 2 years for Latin American, Filipino, or Sephardic Jewish descendants

    • Dual citizenship is allowed in limited cases

Tip: Choose a country based on your timeline, language ability, lifestyle preferences, and whether you have ancestry ties.

Read Also: Does the US Allow Dual Citizenship

Irregular Migration to Europe: Why Legal Residency Matters

While this guide focuses on legal residency routes, it’s important to understand the risks of irregular migration. Choosing a legal pathway not only ensures stability and long-term rights, but also protects you from legal penalties, exploitation, or deportation.

Key Points:

  • Over 239,000 irregular crossings were reported in 2024, though numbers are declining.

  • Popular but dangerous routes include the Central Mediterranean and Western Balkans.

  • The EU is tightening enforcement under its 2025 Migration & Asylum Pact.

  • Legal routes like the D7, Digital Nomad Visas, and Family Reunification offer safe alternatives.

Naturalization vs. Investment: Which Path to EU Citizenship Fits You?

When pursuing European residency or citizenship, there are two main routes to consider:

  • Naturalization – Earned through long-term legal residence, language skills, and integration

  • Investment – Secured by contributing capital through real estate, government funds, or business

Factor Naturalization Investment Route
Time to Citizenship 5–10 years 12–36 months (fast-track available)
Language Requirement Yes (A2–B2 level) Often waived or not required
Cultural Integration Required (exams, residency) Rarely required
Total Cost Low to moderate (living + visa) High (€100K–€750K+, depending on country)
Physical Presence High (183+ days/year) Low (as few as 7 days/year in some cases)
Ideal For Retirees, remote workers, families High-net-worth individuals, business owners, global nomads
  • Choose naturalization if you’re budget-conscious and plan to live in Europe long-term.

  • Choose investment if you value speed, flexibility, and minimal relocation.

Residency by Investment: An Alternative Fast-Track Option

For those with capital, residency by investment offers a faster, low-effort route to obtain residency and eventually citizenship in many European countries.

Instead of relying on work or passive income, you can secure a residence permit by making a minimum investment — usually in real estate, government bonds, or a business.

Popular Residency by Investment Programs (2025)

Country Investment Option PR Timeline Citizenship
🇬🇷 Greece Residency by Investment Program €250K real estate Immediate 7 years
🇵🇹 Portugal Residency by Investment Program €250K+ funds/donation 5 years 5 years
🇲🇹 Malta Residency by Investment Program €300K+ + fees Immediate 12–36 months (via program)
🇪🇸 Spain Residency by Investment Program €500K real estate 5 years 10 years

These are some of the easiest countries for investors to gain long-term residency with little or no physical stay required.

Investment vs. Naturalization

  • Citizenship by investment is fast but costly

  • Citizenship by descent is free if eligible

  • Naturalization requires legal residency periods, language, and integration

If you’re seeking speed, flexibility, or asset diversification, residency by investment programs may be your best fit.

How to Become a European Citizen?

Becoming a European citizen is a goal for many who want the freedom to live, work, and travel across the EU. Whether you’re seeking a better lifestyle, long-term security, or more global mobility, Europe offers multiple legal pathways to citizenship, each with its own eligibility criteria and process. In general, there are four main ways to obtain European citizenship:

1. Citizenship by Descent

If you have a parent, grandparent, or in some cases a great-grandparent who was a citizen of a European country, and you meet that country’s legal requirements, you may be eligible for citizenship.

🔹 Example: An American with an Italian-born grandfather may apply for Italian citizenship by submitting birth and marriage records.

2. Citizenship by Naturalization

You legally live in a European country for a certain number of years (usually 5–10), maintain residency, and apply for citizenship after meeting language, integration, and residency requirements.

🔹 Example: A Canadian who lives in Spain for 10 years with a residence permit may apply for Spanish citizenship through naturalization.

3. 🇲🇹 Citizenship by Investment

Some countries offer citizenship in exchange for a significant financial investment, such as real estate, a development fund, or government bonds.

🔹 Example: An investor contributes to Malta’s citizenship by investment program by donating to a national fund and purchasing property, gaining a passport in return.

4. 🇦🇹 Citizenship by Exception

Rarely, governments grant citizenship based on exceptional contributions to the country, such as in sports, science, diplomacy, or national interest.

🔹 Example: A tech entrepreneur with groundbreaking research is granted Austrian citizenship by direct approval from the government.

Read Also: Which Country Gives Free Citizenship in Europe?

How Premium Citizen Helps You Get European Residency — The Right Way

Navigating the path to residency or citizenship in Europe can be overwhelming, especially with dozens of visa types, changing laws, and varying country requirements. That’s where Premium Citizen steps in.

We provide:

  • Personalized visa matching based on your income, lifestyle, and goals

  • In-depth country comparisons to help you choose the right EU program

  • Step-by-step legal guidance for applications, renewals, and documentation

  • Expert support for U.S. citizens relocating to Europe, including dual citizenship strategies

  • Real-time updates on visa law changes, timelines, and residency pathways

Whether you’re a retiree, entrepreneur, remote worker, or investor, we simplify the process so you can move confidently, legally, and with a long-term plan in mind.

💡 Ready to begin your second residency journey? Our team is here to help you explore your best-fit options and take the next legal step toward European freedom.

Easiest Country to Get Permanent Residency in Europe – Frequently Asked Questions

Navigating residency and citizenship in Europe can raise many questions, especially for Americans and non-EU citizens considering a long-term move. Here are the most frequently asked questions, answered clearly and based on the current 2025 legal landscape.

Which Country is The Easiest to Get Permanent Residency in Europe Without Investment?

Portugal is widely regarded as the easiest country. It’s a D7 visa and a Digital Nomad Visa allows passive income earners or remote workers to qualify for legal residency without buying property or making large investments.

What is the Fastest Citizenship in Europe?

Malta offers citizenship in 12–36 months via investment. For non-investors, Portugal has the fastest path at 5 years, assuming language and residency conditions are met.

Which Country Gives the Fastest Permanent Residency in Europe?

Malta offers one of the fastest paths through its residency-by-investment program, as quick as 12 months. For non-investors, Portugal offers PR eligibility after just 5 years of residency.

How to Get Portugal PR?

You must first live in Portugal legally for 5 consecutive years under a valid visa (like D7 or Digital Nomad Visa), maintain clean tax and criminal records, and pass a basic A2 Portuguese language test.

Which European Countries Is Easiest to Get Citizenship?

  • Portugal: 5 years residency via Golden Visa; low physical presence required.

  • Italy: Ancestry-based citizenship; investment route also available.

  • Malta: Investment program (currently limited); strong EU passport.

  • Hungary: Investment residency with eventual citizenship eligibility.

  • Cyprus: Easy for those with Cypriot ancestry.

What’s the Easiest EU Country for Americans to Get Permanent Residency?

Portugal is widely regarded as the easiest due to its:

  • Low income requirement (€820+/month for the D7 visa)
  • Minimal stay requirement (7 days per year)
  • Short naturalization timeline (5 years)
  • Flexible visa types (D7, Digital Nomad)

Other easy options include Spain, Greece, and Malta, depending on your profile and goals

How Long Does It Take to Become a Citizen in Europe?

Citizenship timelines vary by country:

Country Years Required for Citizenship
Portugal 5 years
Greece 7 years
Spain 10 years (2 for Latin Americans)
Italy 10 years
Latvia 10 years
Malta 12–36 months (via investment); 7+ years (via residency)

Residency must be legal, continuous, and often requires passing language/integration tests.

Can I Keep My U.S. Passport If I Get EU Citizenship?

Yes. The United States allows dual citizenship. Most EU countries also permit dual nationality, including:

  • Portugal
  • Malta
  • Italy
  • Greece
  • Ireland
  • France
  • (Under new rules) Germany

Which Country is Easiest to Move to from America?

Portugal and Spain are top contenders. Both offer low-barrier visas for retirees, freelancers, and digital nomads, with no need to invest or buy property.

How to Get a Golden Visa in Europe?

Golden Visas require a qualifying investment — often real estate, business, or government bonds. Popular countries include Portugal, Spain, Greece, and Malta.

What is the Golden Visa Program in Portugal?

Portugal’s Golden Visa allows residency through investments starting at €250,000 (for cultural donations) or €500,000 (for funds or property). It includes family members and leads to citizenship after 5 years.

How to Get an Italian Permanent Residence?

After 5 years of legal residency in Italy (under work, family, or elective visas), you can apply for EU long-term residence. You must meet income, housing, and integration requirements.

Do I Need to Speak the Local Language to Get Citizenship?

In most cases, yes. Basic to intermediate language proficiency is a standard requirement for naturalization.

Country Language Level for Citizenship
Portugal A2 (Basic)
Spain DELE A2 (Basic)
Italy B1 (Intermediate)
Greece B2 (Upper Intermediate)
Latvia A2–B1 (Strict)
Estonia B1 (Strict)

Some investment routes (e.g., Malta’s MEIN) waive the language requirement.

Which Countries Allow Dual Citizenship?

Here’s a snapshot of dual citizenship policies:

Country Allows Dual Citizenship?
Portugal ✅ Yes
Spain ❌ No (except for specific countries)
Greece ✅ Yes
Italy ✅ Yes
Malta ✅ Yes
Germany ✅ Yes (as of 2024 reforms)
Latvia ❌ No (strict single citizenship policy)
Estonia ❌ No (except for rare exceptions)

Can I Work or Start a Business with Residency?

  • Yes, if your residency visa permits it.
  • Digital Nomad and Business Visas usually allow remote work and freelancing.
  • Non-Lucrative and Elective Residency Visas typically prohibit working in the local economy.

For example:

  • Portugal’s D7 Visa allows remote work/freelancing
  • Spain’s Non-Lucrative Visa does not allow you to work in Spain
  • Greece and Malta permit entrepreneurship and freelancing under certain visas

Always check the visa conditions before planning employment or business activities.

Can My Family Join My EU residency?

Yes. Most EU residency programs support family reunification, which often includes:

  • Spouse or legal partner
  • Children under 18 (sometimes older if in full-time education)
  • Dependent parents in some countries

Family members may also gain the right to study, work, and access healthcare.

Is Healthcare Included with Residency?

Legal residents in most EU countries have access to:

  • Public healthcare systems (sometimes with contributions)
  • Private insurance options (required at visa stage)

Countries like Portugal, Spain, Greece, and Italy offer affordable, high-quality public care. In Malta, private healthcare is popular but affordable.

Which European Country Is the Easiest to Get Citizenship?

Portugal is often considered the easiest for Americans. After 5 years of residency (via work, retirement, or Golden Visa), you can apply for citizenship without strict physical stay requirements or language barriers. Ireland and Italy are also very accessible for those with ancestry.

What’s the best path to European citizenship for freelancers or digital nomads?

The best path to European citizenship for freelancers is through Portugal’s D7 or Greece’s Digital Nomad Visa. These allow you to live and work remotely, renew your visa, and apply for citizenship after 5–7 years, with minimal physical presence required in some cases.

What are the most affordable investment options for EU residency?

The most affordable investment options are found in Latvia (€60K business), Greece (€250K real estate), and Malta (contributions + rental). However, income-based visas in Portugal or Spain may offer cheaper alternatives with no upfront investment required.

What is a second residency, and why should I consider it?

A second residency allows you to live in another country legally, without changing your primary citizenship. It offers mobility, access to public services, tax advantages, and a path to European citizenship. Many Americans use second residency as a backup plan or lifestyle upgrade.

How can I get residency in the EU as a retiree?

To get residency in Europe as a retiree, apply for a passive income or non-lucrative visa. Portugal (D7 Visa), Spain (NLV), and Italy (Elective Residency Visa) are ideal. Requirements typically include €2,000–€3,000 monthly income, health insurance, and a rental property.

What is the pathway to permanent residency in Europe without investment?

The typical pathway to permanent residency without investment involves entering on a D7 or digital nomad visa, maintaining legal stay for 5 years, and renewing as required. Countries like Portugal, Spain, and Greece then allow permanent residence applications.

What are the benefits of EU citizenship after residency?

The benefits of EU citizenship include:

  • Visa-free travel in 180+ countries

  • Freedom to live and work in all EU member states

  • Access to healthcare and education

  • Right to vote in EU elections
    It also offers political stability and a second passport, especially valuable for global mobility.

Which countries to get citizenship also allow dual nationality?

Countries like Portugal, Italy, Greece, and Malta allow you to get citizenship without renouncing your current nationality. These are top choices for Americans seeking dual EU citizenship through ancestry, naturalization, or legal residence.

How can I qualify for EU citizenship without investing?

You can qualify for EU citizenship by:

  1. Living legally in an EU country for 5–10 years

  2. Passing a language and civics test

  3. Meeting integration and tax obligations
    Portugal (5 years) and Greece (7 years) offer the fastest naturalization timelines without investment.

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