The Easiest Country to Get Permanent Residency in Europe Without Investment

In recent years, the demand for permanent residency in Europe without investment has surged, particularly among Americans seeking affordable, legal, and long-term relocation options. Unlike traditional Golden Visa programs that require substantial capital investments, many European countries now offer residency pathways based on income, employment, retirement status, or heritage. As more people explore relocation options, attention has shifted toward the easiest EU countries to immigrate to, where flexible visa policies and accessible residency programs make moving abroad far more achievable for a wider range of applicants.

This article provides a detailed, evidence-based look at the easiest countries in Europe to gain permanent residency without investing large sums. Whether you’re a digital nomad, retiree, remote worker, or someone with European ancestry, there are increasingly flexible visa programs tailored to your situation.

We’ll explore Portugal, Spain, Greece (the cheapest European country to live in), Malta, Latvia, Estonia, and Italy (the easiest place to immigrate to in Europe)—highlighting their specific visa programs, stay requirements, timelines to permanent residency and citizenship, and ease of access for Americans. You’ll also find comparisons, answers to frequently asked questions, and step-by-step guidance to help you move to Europe confidently and legally.

If you’re considering emigrating to Europe to start a new chapter abroad, build a second base, or secure a path to European citizenship, this guide will help you make an informed decision.

Portugal – Flexible Stay, Path to Citizenship

Portugal consistently ranks as the first one of the easiest countries in Europe to obtain permanent residency without investment, thanks to its accommodating visa options, affordable cost of living, and low stay requirements.

D7 Visa – The “Passive Income” Residency Route

The D7 visa, also known as the Passive Income Visa, is ideal for non-EU citizens who can prove a steady income stream without needing to work in Portugal.

Key Requirements:

• Proof of passive income (pensions, remote work, dividends) of at least €820/month (as of 2025)
• Accommodation in Portugal (rental agreement or property deed)
• Comprehensive health insurance
• Clean criminal record

Who It’s For:

• Retirees
• Freelancers
• Remote workers
• Financially independent individuals

Timeline:

• Temporary residency: 2 years (renewable for 3 years)
• Permanent residency: After 5 years of legal stay
• Citizenship: Eligible after 5 years, subject to Portuguese language proficiency and integration criteria

Residency Obligations:

• Only 7 days per year (or 14 days every two years) required to maintain residency—one of the most flexible in Europe

Rights and Benefits:

• Access to Portugal’s public healthcare system
• Right to live, study, and work
• Visa-free travel across the Schengen Zone
• Pathway to EU citizenship after 5 years

Portugal also offers Non-Habitual Residency (NHR) tax benefits, which may exempt some foreign income from taxation for up to 10 years.

Read More About Which Country Gives Free Citizenship in Europe?

Why Portugal Is the Easiest Country to Get Permanent Residency in Europe Without Investment

Portugal offers one of the most accessible, flexible, and affordable pathways to long-term residency in Europe without requiring significant financial investment. Here’s why:

D7 Visa (Passive Income / Retirement Visa)

• Open to non-EU citizens with proof of stable passive income—such as pensions, rental yields, dividends, or remote work—starting from around €870/month or €10,440/year.

• Excellent for retirees, remote workers, and digital nomads seeking legal relocation without investment .

Flexible Stay Requirements

• Only 7 days per year (or 14 days every two years) spent in Portugal is required to maintain the visa.

• Ideal for those who want European residency while living and working from abroad.

Pathway to Permanent Residency & Citizenship

• Initial permit issued for 2 years, renewable once for 3 more years.

• After 5 years, applicants may apply for:

  • Permanent residency

  • Portuguese citizenship, with minimal language test (A2 level).

Affordable Living & Aggressive Tax Incentives

• Portugal is relatively affordable compared to much of Western Europe—lower rental rates, healthcare, and everyday costs.

• Non-Habitual Residency (NHR) program offers favorable tax treatment, including flat rates and tax exemptions on some foreign income.

Comparisons with Other Options

• Alternatives—such as Golden Visa property investments (€250,000+)—were recently restricted, making D7 one of the most accessible EU residency routes.

• Other countries (Spain, Italy, Greece) offer non-investor or “digital nomad” visas, but Portugal’s combination of low income requirements, minimal stay days, and clear pathway to citizenship remains unmatched .

Portugal’s D7 visa becomes the easiest country to get permanent residency in Europe without investment—offering flexibility, affordability, and a clear path to citizenship for Americans and other non-EU nationals.

The Easiest Country to Get Permanent Residency in Europe With Digital Nomad Visa

Launched in 2022, Portugal’s Digital Nomad Visa is ideal for those working remotely for a non-Portuguese employer.

Requirements:

• Minimum monthly income of €3,040 (4x Portuguese minimum wage)
• Proof of remote work or freelance contracts
• Valid accommodation and health insurance

Benefits:

• Renewable residence permit
• Right to bring family members
• Pathway to PR and citizenship after 5 years

Timeline to Permanent Residency and Citizenship

Pros and Cons

Portugal stands out as an ideal entry point to Europe—particularly for Americans, digital workers, and retirees. Its programs are well-defined, its timeline to citizenship is among the shortest in Europe, and the lack of a large financial investment makes it one of the most accessible EU countries for permanent residency and eventual EU citizenship.

Spain – Digital Nomad & Non-Lucrative Options

Spain offers multiple residency pathways that do not require upfront investment. Its Non-Lucrative Visa and Digital Nomad Visa are among the most accessible routes to permanent residency in Europe without investment, especially for U.S. citizens seeking a warm climate, robust public services, and a high standard of living.

Non-Lucrative Visa – Ideal for Retirees and Passive Earners

The Non-Lucrative Visa (NLV) is one of Spain’s most popular residency options for non-EU nationals. This visa is tailored for those who can financially support themselves without needing to work in Spain.

Key Requirements:

• Proof of consistent passive income or savings
• Minimum annual income of €28,800 for individuals (2025 rate), plus ~€7,200 for each additional family member
• Private health insurance valid in Spain
• Clean criminal record and health clearance

Who It’s For:

• Retirees with pensions
• Freelancers with passive income
• Financially independent individuals

Timeline:

• Initial residency valid for 1 year, renewable every 2 years
• Permanent residency possible after 5 years
• Citizenship eligible after 10 years (exceptions for Latin American citizens: 2 years)

Residency Obligations:

• Must reside in Spain for at least 183 days per year
• Proof of physical stay and financial means required for renewal

Digital Nomad Visa – For Remote Workers Earning Abroad

Spain introduced its Digital Nomad Visa in 2023 to attract foreign remote workers. Unlike the Non-Lucrative Visa, this visa allows legal remote work for non-Spanish companies.

Requirements:

• Non-EU citizen working remotely for at least 1 year
• Proof of a minimum monthly income of €2,520 (approx. 200% of Spain’s monthly minimum wage)
• Valid work contracts or self-employment proof
• Clean background check and private health insurance

Benefits:

• 1-year residence permit (extendable to 5 years)
• Tax breaks under the Beckham Law (flat 24% tax on foreign-earned income)
• Legal ability to work and live in Spain with family

Timeline to Permanent Residency and Citizenship

Note: For nationals from Latin American countries, the citizenship waiting period drops to 2 years.

Pros and Cons

Spain is particularly attractive to remote professionals, retirees, and passive earners who are ready to relocate full-time. It combines lifestyle perks—sunny weather, Mediterranean cuisine, vibrant culture—with well-structured visa programs and a clear path to long-term residency and citizenship.

Greece – Friendly Rules for U.S. Citizens

Greece is an increasingly attractive destination for U.S. citizens seeking permanent residency in Europe without investment, and it is one of the cheapest Europe countries to live in. Its relatively low cost of living, relaxed residency requirements, and favorable tax regime—especially for retirees—make it a strong contender among the easiest place to immigrate to in Europe.

Residency Options Without Investment

Greece offers several non-investment residency paths, most notably through:

• Digital Nomad Visa
• Financially Independent Person (FIP) Visa
• Retirement Pathways

These programs are designed for individuals who do not intend to work for a Greek employer and can demonstrate sufficient means to support themselves.

Digital Nomad Visa – Remote Workers Welcome

Launched in 2021, Greece’s Digital Nomad Visa is among the most accessible in the EU. It caters to non-EU nationals working remotely for companies based outside Greece.

Requirements:

• Proof of remote work for at least 12 months
• Minimum monthly income: €3,500 (plus 20% for spouse and 15% for each child)
• Valid passport, Greek address, and proof of employment or freelance contracts
• Clean criminal record and health insurance

Benefits:

• One-year renewable residence permit (up to 2 years)
• No corporate tax on foreign-earned income
• Visa-free travel across the Schengen Zone
• Right to bring family members

Financially Independent Person (FIP) Visa – For Retirees and Passive Earners

The FIP Visa allows non-EU citizens to reside in Greece based on their own passive income, such as pensions, dividends, or rental income.

Requirements:

• Monthly passive income of at least €2,000 for the main applicant
• €400/month for a spouse and €300/month per dependent child
• Long-term accommodation lease or ownership in Greece
• Private health insurance and clean criminal record

Residency Terms:

• Initial visa valid for 2 years
• Renewable every 3 years
• Eligible for permanent residency after 5 years of continuous legal stay

Citizenship Timeline

Note: Greece allows dual citizenship. Learn more in our complete guide to dual citizenship in Greece.

Pros and Cons

Greece stands out for its retiree-friendly policies, generous tax regime, and growing support for remote workers. Whether you’re settling into a seaside village or a bustling city like Athens or Thessaloniki, Greece provides a legitimate and realistic path to long-term residency and citizenship in Europe—without the need for investment.

Malta – Quick PR and Citizenship Options

Malta is one of the few European countries that offers both residency and citizenship pathways, with or without investment. For those looking to secure a long-term future in Europe, Malta’s flexible residency schemes, English-speaking environment, and fast-track naturalization options make it a strategic choice—especially for Americans.

Malta Permanent Residency Programme (MPRP) – A Legal Path Without Work

Malta’s Permanent Residency Programme (MPRP) provides a route to live permanently in the country without needing to work or invest in a business. While many options require some level of economic contribution, no employment or income generation in Malta is required.

Requirements (Post-2025 Updates):

• Minimum capital assets of €500,000, including at least €150,000 in financial assets
• Property rental of €14,000 annually (or €10,000 in the South/Gozo) or real estate purchase of €375,000 minimum
• Government contribution of €30,000 (rental) or €60,000 (property purchase)
• Non-refundable administrative fees and €10,000 for each dependent
• Clean criminal record and health insurance

Who It’s For:

• High-net-worth individuals
• Families seeking a permanent EU base
• Retirees or passive income earners

Benefits:

• Lifetime permanent residency
• Schengen access (90/180 rule)
• Inclusion of up to four generations in one application (parents, children, grandparents)
• English is an official language
• Fast and transparent application process

Citizenship by Naturalization for Exceptional Services (MEIN)

Malta also offers one of Europe’s fastest citizenship pathways—12 to 36 months—via its citizenship by naturalization for exceptional services program. This is an investment-based program, but it remains popular due to its speed and guaranteed path to a Maltese passport.

Key Highlights:

• Government contribution: €600,000 (36 months) or €750,000 (12 months fast track)
• Real estate: Purchase at €700,000+ or rent at €16,000 annually (5 years)
• Donation: €10,000 to a registered NGO
• Due diligence: Rigorous multi-tier vetting process

Note: This route is primarily for investors, but it illustrates Malta’s flexibility for those with capital looking to secure citizenship quickly in the EU.

For non-investors, Malta also supports naturalization through residency-based routes, although this path usually requires 7 years of continuous residence and demonstrated integration.

Timeline to Permanent Residency and Citizenship

Pros and Cons

Malta combines legal permanence, English-language convenience, and EU access in one of the most secure and strategically located countries in Europe. Learn more about Malta’s residency options and Malta citizenship program to explore which route suits your needs.

Latvia – Low Barriers and Fast Approvals

Latvia is one of the most underrated but accessible European countries for securing temporary and eventually permanent residency without investment. Located in Northern Europe and part of both the EU and the Schengen Zone, Latvia offers low-cost visa programs, relatively fast approvals, and a clear path to long-term settlement.

Residency Options Without Investment

While Latvia’s Golden Visa program requires a real estate or financial investment of €250,000+, non-investment routes still exist and remain viable for:

• Entrepreneurs or small business owners
• Retirees or passive income earners
• Students transitioning to long-term residents
• Professionals on local employment contracts

One of the most popular options for non-investors is residency through business registration, where individuals can open or manage a small business and apply for a temporary residence permit.

Business-Based Temporary Residency

Applicants can register a Latvian company and act as a board member to obtain residency. This is a relatively low-barrier alternative to investor visas.

Requirements:

• Company registered in Latvia (can be service-based or tech/startup-oriented)
• Business plan and modest tax contributions (~€21,000+ annual turnover suggested)
• Proof of accommodation and local health insurance
• Clean criminal record

Benefits:

• Renewable 1-year residence permits
• Right to live and work in Latvia
• Access to public healthcare and education
• Family reunification permitted

Retirement or Passive Income Residency

Latvia does not have an official “retirement visa,” but individuals who can demonstrate sufficient long-term financial means and rent or purchase housing in Latvia may qualify for temporary residence.

Minimum Monthly Income Suggested: ~€1,200 for singles, €1,800+ for couples
Duration: 1 year initially, renewable annually
Path to PR: After 5 years of continuous legal stay

Timeline to Permanent Residency and Citizenship

Pros and Cons

Latvia is a solid option for entrepreneurs, retirees, or self-sufficient individuals looking to enter the EU through an efficient and non-investment-based route. Its straightforward rules and clear naturalization roadmap offer a practical path to settlement for those who meet the basic financial and legal requirements.

Explore more about Latvia’s residency options.

Estonia – Ideal for Remote Workers

Estonia has become a hub for digital innovation and remote professionals, positioning itself as one of the easiest countries in Europe to obtain temporary residency without financial investment. Known for its e-governance, digital society, and strong infrastructure, Estonia’s Digital Nomad Visa offers a clear path for remote workers seeking legal status in the EU.

Digital Nomad Visa – Modern, Transparent, and Efficient

Estonia was one of the first countries in the EU to officially launch a Digital Nomad Visa in 2020. This visa targets non-EU nationals working remotely for companies or clients located outside of Estonia.

Requirements:

• Non-EU citizen with a proven history of remote work
• Employment contract with a foreign company or self-employment outside Estonia
• Minimum gross monthly income of €4,500 in the 6 months prior to application
• Valid health insurance and passport

Visa Types:

• Short-stay (Type C): Up to 90 days
• Long-stay (Type D): Up to 1 year with possible renewal

Application Process:

• Apply online or through an Estonian consulate
• Provide proof of employment and income
• Processing time: ~30–45 days
• May be extended into residency status if the applicant transitions into another legal category

Residency Transition Path

While the Digital Nomad Visa itself does not directly lead to permanent residency or citizenship, it provides a bridge into Estonia’s long-term residence framework. For those who spend significant time in the country, long-term transition options include:

• Employment-based residence
• Entrepreneurship-based residence (e-Residency startup visa)
• Family reunification

Residency can eventually lead to Estonian citizenship under standard naturalization procedures.

Timeline to Permanent Residency and Citizenship

Note: Estonia requires a relatively high level of integration, including language proficiency and long-term ties, for citizenship.

Pros and Cons

Estonia is best suited for remote tech workers, digital entrepreneurs, and self-employed professionals who prioritize digital convenience, safety, and EU access. While the Digital Nomad Visa doesn’t offer a direct PR pathway, it enables users to legally reside in Estonia and gradually transition into long-term options.

Italy – Elective Residency for Retirees

Italy is often viewed as one of the most culturally rich and desirable countries in Europe to settle in, especially for retirees and individuals with stable passive income. While Italy doesn’t currently offer a digital nomad visa, its Elective Residency Visa (ERV) provides a clear path to long-term residency without investment, making it one of the easiest place to immigrate to in Europe under the right conditions.

Elective Residency Visa – Live in Italy Without Working

Italy’s ERV is designed for non-EU nationals who can support themselves financially without employment. This includes retirees, high-net-worth individuals, and remote income earners (though officially not for remote work).

Requirements:

• Proof of consistent, passive income (not from employment)
• Minimum income: €31,000 per year for an individual, higher for couples/families
• Rental contract or property ownership in Italy
• Private health insurance and clean criminal record

Important: Applicants cannot legally work in Italy under this visa. However, income from pensions, investments, rental properties, or business dividends is accepted.

Application Process

• Apply through the Italian consulate in your home country
• Submit proof of financial means, housing, and insurance
• Initial visa is valid for 1 year
• Renewable annually for 5 years, then eligible for permanent residency

Timeline to Permanent Residency and Citizenship

Note: Those with Italian ancestry may be eligible for citizenship by descent, skipping residency altogether. Learn more about European ancestry routes on our Citizenship by Investment hub.

Pros and Cons

Italy is a strong choice for financially independent retirees and lifestyle seekers who want to enjoy the Italian way of life without needing employment. The ERV makes it one of the easiest EU countries to get permanent residency for passive income earners.

Easiest European Countries for Americans to Move To

After securing legal residency, many Americans aim to upgrade to full European citizenship, unlocking powerful benefits like visa-free travel across the EU, access to healthcare and education, and even the ability to pass citizenship to children. While timelines and criteria vary, some EU countries make the transition smoother than others, especially for Americans with ancestry, long-term residence, or strong integration.

Dual Citizenship Rules by Country

Before pursuing EU citizenship, it’s essential to know that many European countries allow dual citizenship, but not all. The United States allows dual citizenship, meaning you can hold a U.S. passport and a European one simultaneously, provided your second country permits it.

Countries that Allow Dual Citizenship:

• Portugal
• Italy
• Spain (with exceptions, e.g., Latin American nationals)
• Greece
• Malta
• Ireland
• France
• Germany (recently reformed to allow dual citizenship under certain conditions)

For more insights on dual citizenship rules, visit our About Us page or Contact Us to speak to a specialist.

Read Also: List of Countries That Do Not Allow Dual Citizenship

Language & Integration Requirements

Nearly every EU country requires some level of language proficiency and cultural knowledge for naturalization. Here’s a general breakdown:

Preparation is key. Most language and integration exams are structured and offer prep materials. Some countries even offer citizenship prep courses as part of their integration programs.

Naturalization Timelines

Portugal stands out as the shortest and most accessible route to citizenship for Americans, with only a 5-year residency period and modest language expectations.

Italy also offers citizenship by descent (jure sanguinis), which bypasses residency entirely if you can prove Italian lineage. This applies to many Americans of Italian heritage. Learn more here.

Summary: Easiest Countries for Citizenship as an American

EU citizenship offers a permanent upgrade from residency, with nearly unlimited freedom to live, work, invest, and retire across 27 member states. It’s a strategic second passport for those seeking global security and opportunity.

Step-by-Step: How to Move to Europe Without Investment

Relocating to Europe without making a financial investment might sound complex—but with the right visa, preparation, and understanding of requirements, the process can be both legal and manageable. Below is a structured path for Americans and non-EU citizens seeking long-term or permanent residency through economic self-sufficiency, remote work, retirement, or ancestry.

Step 1: Choose the Right Residency Visa

Start by identifying the visa that matches your personal circumstances and long-term goals.

Popular Non-Investment Visa Types:

Things to Consider When Choosing:

• Visa income requirements
• Physical presence obligations
• Language and integration expectations
• Path to PR and citizenship
• Healthcare and schooling needs (if moving with family)

Step 2: Gather Required Documentation

All visa types will require some common core documents. Begin preparing early to avoid delays.

Typical Documentation:

• Valid passport (6–12 months before expiry)
• Proof of income (bank statements, pension letters, freelance contracts)
• Health insurance coverage (must be valid in destination country)
• Proof of accommodation (rental agreement or property deed)
• Police clearance certificate (criminal background check)
• Application forms and visa-specific documents

Tip: Make translated and notarized copies where needed. Many European countries require certified translations into the local language.

Step 3: Submit Your Visa Application

Applications typically must be submitted at your local consulate or embassy of the country you’re applying to. Some countries also accept online submissions or allow you to start the process remotely.

Expect the Following:

• Appointment scheduling (can take 2–8 weeks)
• Application fees (€60–€350+ depending on country)
• Biometrics and interview (varies by country)

After approval, you’ll be issued a national visa or entry permit, allowing you to travel to the country and apply for a residence permit locally.

Step 4: Apply for Your Residence Permit in Europe

Once you arrive, visit the local immigration office or town hall to finalize your residence permit. You’ll need to provide:

• Entry visa
• Residence address confirmation
• Additional local paperwork

Permit cards are usually issued within 1–2 months and are valid for 1–2 years (renewable). At this stage, you’re officially a legal resident.

Step 5: Maintain Legal Residency

To qualify for permanent residency or eventual citizenship, you must stay legally compliant over the years.

Maintenance Requirements May Include:

• Meeting annual stay minimums (e.g., 183 days/year in Spain or Greece)
• Renewing your visa or permit on time
• Continuing to meet income or financial criteria
• Paying local taxes (if applicable)
• Keeping your address and documents updated

Failure to comply may reset your residency clock or lead to revocation.

Step 6: Apply for Permanent Residency or Citizenship

After several years of continuous legal stay, you can apply for permanent residency or citizenship, depending on your goals.

General Timelines:

• Permanent Residency: After 5 years in most EU countries
• Citizenship: 5 years (Portugal), 7 years (Greece), 10 years (Spain, Italy, Latvia)

You’ll typically need to pass a language exam, a civic knowledge test, and prove integration into society.

Whether you’re moving to Europe for lifestyle, family, remote work, or retirement, following this step-by-step process gives you a legally sound, cost-effective route toward a long-term future in the European Union—without relying on high-investment Golden Visa schemes.

Country Comparison Table: Residency Without Investment

To help you choose the best country for your goals—whether that’s retirement, remote work, or eventual citizenship—here’s a clear side-by-side comparison of the top European countries offering non-investment-based residency options.

This table breaks down key factors including minimum stay requirements, income thresholds, visa types, and ease of transition to citizenship:

Quick Observations:

• Portugal Residency by investment offers the most flexible stay requirement (only 7 days/year) and the shortest path to citizenship (5 years).
• Spain, Greece residency by investment, and Italy require physical presence for more than half the year, making them better suited for full-time relocators.
• Malta Residency by investment upfront (if qualifying via MPRP) and offers the fastest citizenship through investment.
• Latvia Residency by investment and Estonia have lower-cost options, but strict language and integration requirements for citizenship.
• Digital nomads will find Estonia, Portugal, and Greece more aligned with their remote work lifestyle.

Busting the Myth: Free Citizenship in Europe

One of the most common misconceptions among those exploring European relocation is the idea that some countries offer free or automatic citizenship. While many EU nations have relatively easy paths to permanent residency and naturalization, the notion of “free citizenship” is misleading and often exploited by misinformation or unauthorized immigration agents.

Let’s break down why this myth persists—and what you actually need to know.

Read Also: Which Country Gives Free Citizenship in Europe?

No Country Offers Truly Free Citizenship

There is currently no country in Europe that grants instant citizenship without a qualifying process, such as:

• Long-term legal residency (naturalization)
• Citizenship by descent (ancestry)
• Marriage or family reunification
• Investment or economic contribution
• Refugee or humanitarian protection (under exceptional circumstances)

Even in cases where you may not need to be born in the country, the legal pathway still involves documentation, verification, and residency-based or heritage-based eligibility.

If you’ve come across claims like “Get EU citizenship in 30 days” or “Spain gives citizenship for free”—these are false or oversimplified statements that ignore the legal frameworks in place.

Hidden Costs of “Easy” Citizenship Programs

While some countries offer accessible naturalization routes, there are still hidden or indirect costs to consider, including:

• Language courses and exams (required for naturalization in most countries)
• Civic integration tests
• Application and government fees (ranging from €150 to €1,000 depending on country)
• Legal assistance (recommended for complex ancestry or long-term residency applications)
• Time investment—it often takes 5–10 years of legal stay to qualify

Programs like Portugal’s 5-year citizenship route are genuinely lenient compared to others but still involve effort and compliance.

Red Flags for Citizenship Scams

If you’re searching online or speaking with agencies, be cautious of the following signs:

Instead, work with vetted consultants or legal professionals who specialize in residency and citizenship by law.

How to Legally Qualify Without Investment

If you’re not interested in Citizenship by Investment programs like Malta citizenship by investment or Turkey citizenship by investment, your best options are:

• Residency + Naturalization: Portugal, Greece, Spain, Italy, and Latvia all offer legal paths after 5–10 years.
• Citizenship by Descent: Italy, Ireland, Spain, and Poland offer ancestry-based routes for those with European lineage.
• Marriage or EU Family Routes: Residency through family reunification or marriage to an EU citizen.

Citizenship in Europe must be earned, but it can be achieved without large financial investments—especially if you’re willing to meet residency, language, and integration requirements. Don’t fall for shortcuts. Instead, take the legal, secure path that leads to long-term rights and benefits.

Illegal Migration to Europe

Europe faces ongoing challenges related to irregular migration—the unauthorized entry, transit, or residence of non-EU nationals. The EU and its member states continuously adapt policies and enforcement measures to address this complex issue.

EU Policy and Border Management

The European Commission takes a coordinated approach to prevent irregular migration and dismantle smuggling networks. Key efforts include:

• Strengthening external borders through integrated border management—enhanced surveillance, infrastructure, IT systems (e.g., Eurodac, Visa Information System), and biometric databases—with support from Frontex.

• Launching the Global Alliance to Counter Migrant Smuggling in 2023 to tackle smuggling at source, transit, and destination.

• Promoting legal migration avenues to reduce reliance on irregular routes.

Scale and Trends of Irregular Arrivals

• Over 239,000 irregular crossings were detected in 2024—the lowest number since 2021—marking a 38% decrease from 2023.

• In the first two months of 2025, Frontex reported approximately 25,000 irregular crossings, a 25% drop compared to the same period last year.

• Route-specific trends:

  • Central Mediterranean dropped by 59%,

  • Western Balkans fell by 78%,

  • But Eastern Mediterranean and Western African routes saw rises of 14% and 18%, respectively.

Irregular Arrivals at Risk

• Central Mediterranean route remains perilous; deaths at sea are common—248 fatalities in early 2025.

• Land and sea arrivals surge from conflict zones like Sudan, with some populations rerouting via Libya and Mediterranean crossings.

Asylum and Return Procedures

• Under the Migration and Asylum Pact, the EU standardized border procedures, combining negative asylum claims with automatic return decisions.

• Over 400,000 non-EU nationals were ordered to leave in 2023, but effective returns remain low at ~20%.

• Several EU members—Germany, France, Sweden—lead returns; voluntary returns make up 57%, the rest are forced.

• Returns of unaccompanied minors are increasing; in Q4 2024, 675 minors were ordered to leave, only 25 returned.

Human Rights, Court Rulings, and Internal Controls

• Human rights agencies caution against overly securitized migration policies.

• Cross-border enforcement has triggered legal backlash—especially pushbacks across Greece and Italy, violating non-refoulement principles.

• Some EU countries have reinstated internal border controls, challenging the free-movement principle of the Schengen area .

New Legislative Measures

• In March 2025, the Commission introduced a common EU return regulation to streamline return decisions and mutual recognition across member states.

• A mid-2025 Pact implementation report noted progress on screening, return coordination, reception capacity, and border management, with the goal of full application by mid-2026

Best Places in Europe for Expats to Live

If you’re an American considering relocation to Europe, here are seven standout cities known for their expat-friendly environments, quality of life, and cultural richness:

• Zurich, Switzerland: Excellent work opportunities in finance and tech, superb public services, and easy access to nature..

• Trieste, Italy: Coastal city with a laid-back Italian lifestyle, lower living costs than major metros, and a vibrant arts and café culture.

• Cádiz, Spain: Historic port town offering sun, sea, and strong local identity with affordable housing compared to mainstream Spanish destinations.

• Toulouse, France: Aerospace hub with robust job prospects, rich cultural heritage, and a friendly expatriate community.

• Porto, Portugal: Charming riverside city with an appealing balance of affordability, food culture, and growing digital nomad population.

• Gdańsk, Poland: Affordable living, strong historical character, and a modern economy making it a rising expat favorite.

• Sarajevo, Bosnia & Herzegovina: A unique blend of East and West, offering rich history, community-oriented culture, and a cheaper cost of living .

These cities offer diverse experiences—whether you’re seeking economic opportunity, cultural immersion, natural beauty, or affordability. All are recognized by expats for being welcoming, vibrant, and reasonably easy to settle into.

Naturalization vs. Investment: Which Route Is Better?

When pursuing European residency or citizenship, individuals are generally presented with two core pathways:

1. Naturalization – earned through legal residency over time
2. Investment – achieved through financial contributions to the country

Both routes can lead to permanent residency and citizenship, but the right choice depends on your financial capacity, long-term goals, lifestyle preferences, and urgency.

Time-Based vs. Money-Based Commitments

Naturalization is ideal for:

• Retirees, freelancers, remote workers, and those with passive income
• People willing to relocate full-time or long-term
• Individuals with family or cultural ties to Europe
• Budget-conscious applicants not in a rush for citizenship

Investment is ideal for:

• High-net-worth individuals seeking speed and flexibility
• Global citizens seeking a “Plan B” without relocating
• Business owners expanding into Europe
• Families looking to secure generational mobility

What Is a Golden Visa?

A Golden Visa is a type of residency program offered by several European countries that grants residency rights to non-EU citizens in exchange for a significant investment. Common options include:

• Real estate purchases (e.g., Portugal Residency, Greece Residency
  , Spain)
• Investment in local businesses or funds
• Government donations (e.g., Malta Citizenship by investment)

Golden Visas often allow:

• Family inclusion (spouse, children, parents)
• Visa-free travel in the Schengen Zone
• Tax optimization strategies (e.g., Portugal’s NHR regime)

Who Should Consider Investment Routes?

Investment-based routes are most appropriate for those who:

• Want EU access quickly (e.g., in 12–24 months)
• Prefer not to relocate permanently
• Have business or banking goals in Europe
• Are looking to optimize their global tax strategy
• Seek a second citizenship for travel freedom and security

Naturalization is best for:

• Individuals focused on lifestyle, affordability, and integration
• Families relocating permanently
• Digital nomads and retirees
• People with ancestral links to Europe

Ultimately, naturalization offers greater accessibility and lower financial barriers, while investment offers speed, convenience, and flexibility—at a higher cost. Both routes are valid, but aligning your decision with your goals, resources, and timeline is essential for long-term success.

Easiest Country to Get Permanent Residency in Europe – Frequently Asked Questions

Navigating residency and citizenship in Europe can raise many questions, especially for Americans and non-EU citizens considering a long-term move. Here are the most frequently asked questions—answered clearly and based on the current 2025 legal landscape.

Which European Country Is Easiest to Get Citizenship?

• Portugal: 5 years residency via Golden Visa; low physical presence required.

• Italy: Ancestry-based citizenship; investment route also available.

• Malta: Investment program (currently limited); strong EU passport.

• Hungary: Investment residency with eventual citizenship eligibility.

• Cyprus: Easy for those with Cypriot ancestry.

What’s the Easiest EU Country for Americans to Get Permanent Residency?

Portugal is widely regarded as the easiest due to its:

• Low income requirement (€820+/month for the D7 visa)
• Minimal stay requirement (7 days per year)
• Short naturalization timeline (5 years)
• Flexible visa types (D7, Digital Nomad)

Other easy options include Spain, Greece, and Malta, depending on your profile and goals

How Long Does It Take to Become a Citizen in Europe?

Citizenship timelines vary by country:

Residency must be legal, continuous, and often requires passing language/integration tests.

Can I Keep My U.S. Passport If I Get EU Citizenship?

Yes. The United States allows dual citizenship. Most EU countries also permit dual nationality, including:

• Portugal
• Malta
• Italy
• Greece
• Ireland
• France
• (Under new rules) Germany

Spain allows dual citizenship only for citizens of Latin American countries, Andorra, the Philippines, and a few others.

Do I Need to Speak the Local Language to Get Citizenship?

In most cases, yes. Basic to intermediate language proficiency is a standard requirement for naturalization.

Some investment routes (e.g., Malta’s MEIN) waive the language requirement.

Which Countries Allow Dual Citizenship?

Here’s a snapshot of dual citizenship policies:

Can I Work or Start a Business with Residency?

• Yes, if your residency visa permits it.
• Digital Nomad and Business Visas usually allow remote work and freelancing.
• Non-Lucrative and Elective Residency Visas typically prohibit working in the local economy.

For example:

• Portugal’s D7 Visa allows remote work/freelancing
• Spain’s Non-Lucrative Visa does not allow you to work in Spain
• Greece and Malta permit entrepreneurship and freelancing under certain visas

Always check the visa conditions before planning employment or business activities.

Can My Family Join Me?

Yes. Most EU residency programs support family reunification, which often includes:

• Spouse or legal partner
• Children under 18 (sometimes older if in full-time education)
• Dependent parents in some countries

Family members may also gain the right to study, work, and access healthcare.

Is Healthcare Included with Residency?

Legal residents in most EU countries have access to:

• Public healthcare systems (sometimes with contributions)
• Private insurance options (required at visa stage)

Countries like Portugal, Spain, Greece, and Italy offer affordable, high-quality public care. In Malta, private healthcare is popular but affordable.

Which European Country Is the Easiest to Get Citizenship?

Portugal is often considered the easiest for Americans. After 5 years of residency (via work, retirement, or Golden Visa), you can apply for citizenship without strict physical stay requirements or language barriers. Ireland and Italy are also very accessible for those with ancestry.

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